Accumulating device



Oct. 6, 1936. J. w. ARMBRUSTER ACCUMULATING DEVICE I Original Filed Feb. 5, 1930 2 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR ATTORNEY Oct. 6, 1936. J w ARMBRUSTER 2,056,381

ACCUMULATING DEVICE Original Filed Feb. 5, 1930 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR WWW lyl lu m p o Patented Oct. 6, 1936 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE ACCUMULATING DEVICE John .W. Armbruster, East Rockaway, N. Y., as-

signor, by mesne assignments, to International Business Machines Corporation,

New York,

N. Y., a corporation of New York 21 Claims.

This case is a division of application Serial No. 425,966, filed by me February 5, 1930, for Accounting and tabulating machines.

The invention relates generally to totalizing or accumulating mechanism and more particularly to the transferring mechanisms in such totalizing devices. A totalizer of a compact form is disclosed, the construction of which adapts it for accumulation of items and simultaneous entry of carries from one order of the totalizer to the next. The transfer devices are suited to be constructed of sheet metal and are designed to be simple and inexpensive to manufacture.

A totalizer provided with the improved transfer mechanism has an increased capacity while occupying a small portion of the accumulating section of the machine.

It is an important object of the present invention to construct the totalizers so that a large number of them will occupy but a small amount of space. The few parts in the novel totalizer have been so arranged that each order or bank of the totalizer will require but one thickness of metal. In the past, a plurality of parts arranged in different planes were necessary to the proper functioning of a transfer mechanism. Applicant, however, has devised a totalizer structure requiring only the absolute minimum of space per bank, namely, a space equal to the thickness of one part. Therefore, it is possible by utilizing the principles of construction herein disclosed, to confine a totalizer into one third or one quarter the space usually occupied by an old form of totalizer having an equal number of banks.

The transfer mechanism embodied in the illustrated totaling mechanism is of the nines coupling type so that transfers are effected simultaneously in all of the orders of the totalizer that are set to receive a transfer.

A feature of the invention is the use of a large tooth on the totalizer wheel as a coupling means when the wheel stands at the nine position.

Another feature is the utilization of the movement of the pinions out of mesh with the actuators as a means for rotating the pinions which are due to receive a transfer.

The above features, together with a simple restoring bail for the transfer mechanism, all contribute to the novel construction shown of a simple form of totalizer composed of a few inexpensive stamped parts easily manufactured and assembled. I

Other objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a side elevation view of two totalizers;

the one sectioned to show the transfer mechanism and the other in full showing the totalizer engaging and selection slides. The totalizer engaging and selection slides are cut away at the sectioned totalizer to allow the engagement of the wheels so that they may be shown in mesh with the actuators.

Fig. 2 is a front elevational view of the total izer showing the arrangement of the banks of the transfer mechanism.

Fig. 3 is a detail view showing the construction at the end of the transfer pawl adapting thetotalizer parts to be confined into one thickness of metal per bank.

Fig. 4 is an end view of the pawl end shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is a sectional plan view taken along the line 5-5 in Fig. l and showing the arrangement of the totalizer pinions on the totalizer shaft and their relation to the transfer pawls.

Fig. 6 is a side elevation view of the operating mechanism.

Fig. 7 is a detail view of a totalizer wheel in cooperation with a transfer pawl in the carrying position.

Fig. 8 is a detail view of a totalizer wheel in the 9 position, wherein it couples the next higher order transfer pawl to the related transfer pawl.

The features of the totalizer construction are outlined in the objects stated. It will suffice to state here that the transfer elements for each bank of the simultaneous transferring totalizer disclosed, are composed of parts arranged so that the thickness of one element is all the space required for each bank; that the motion of the totalizer wheels in going out of mesh is utilized for transferring; and that an extending tooth on the totalizer wheel is used for a transfer cam, a total zero stop, and a nines coupling lug.

Fig. 1 is a view showing two totalizers, one totalizer in section with the transfer and accumulating elements plainly disclosed, and the other totalizer unsectioned with the totalizer engaging and selecting devices shown. Fig. 2 is an end view of a totalizer showing the spacing of the parts. The illustrative embodiment shows the totalizer parts spaced and embossed; however, other arrangements may be used wherein the parts are left plain and brought close together with each bank of one thickness of material.

The totalizers are similar to each other in construction so that a description of one applies to all. Each totalizer is constructed as a removable unit, being held together by two side frames 243 and cross bars 244, 245 and shafts 246, 241. These units are assembled in the machine by inserting the two lower ends of the frame into grooves on shafts 248 and then assembling shaft 248 through the upper notches 258 on the frames. The shafts 249 are held in the main side frames 58 and 5! with collars on the shafts taking up the space between the totalizer frames and side frames. When a totalizer is assembled in this way it is apparent that it is rigidly held in all directions.

In Fig. 1 the transfer parts are shown in the position assumed during regular adding operations. The totalizer wheels 25! are loosely mounted on a shaft 252 which passes through slots 253 in the side frames 243 and is secured at both ends to two upright slides 254 and 255. These slides are slotted at 256 to receive the extending ends of shaft 246, washers 251 holding the shaft in place in the side frames 243. Shaft 252 and slides 254, 255 comprise a frame for carrying the totalizer in and out of mesh with the actuators. Springs 258 are stretched between tabs 259 on the slides and studs 266 in the frames, and tend to engage the totalizer wheels with actuators I81. A cam slide 26! cooperates with a roller 262 on slide 254 and normally prevents engagement of the totalizers. However, at the proper time, cam slide 26! is moved to the right (Fig. 1) allowing roller 262 to descend into notch 263 and mesh the totalizer wheels; subsequent movement of cam slide 26! to the left will cam the roller 262 up and disengage the totalizer.

The cam slide 26! is shifted automatically for item entering and totaling operations. The mechanism for doing this is illustrated in Fig. 6. By means of lever arms 366 and 338 a connection is made to a slide bar 839 which is shifted early in the operating cycle during total taking, and at the middle of the cycle when an adding operation is taking place.

The opposite slide 255 on the accumulator frame has an extending lug 264 which overlies a selection bar 265 which slides adjacent the totalizers. A notch 266 in bar 265 is normally out of alinement with lug 264 which then is stopped by the upper edge of bar 265, preventing the engagement of the totalizer. However, if the totalizer is selected, bar 265 will be shifted until notch 266 does aline with lug 264, thus allowing slides 254 and 255 to be lowered by spring 258 to engage the totalizer when cam slide 26! moves to the right.

The totalizer wheel 25! is made of one piece of material and has nine of its ten teeth cut off at a height substantially coincident with the pitch line. Cutting the teeth of the wheel in this fashion does not affect its operation because the teeth on the actuator are of the standard height, though they may be tapered above the pitch line. The other tooth 261 on wheel 25! is of full length and has one side tapered slightly above the pitch line for camming purposes while the other side of the tooth is left practically straight in order to act as a zero stop in taking totals. This tooth 261 in cooperation with a transfer pawl 268 also 2 acts as a nines coupling lug during transferring. The wheel 25! as it is shown in Fig. 1 is in the zero position with the straight side of tooth 261 contacting the. underside of a long finger 269 on the pawl 268. The pawl 268 also has a short finger 218 for cooperating with tooth 261 in transferring. The pawl 268 has a slot 21! through which passes a shaft 212., Since it is the only mounting for the pawl. it is about this shaft that the pawl pivots and slides.

A leaf spring 213 on bar 244 has an extension for each pawl 268 and presses upon-a slanted face 214 on the pawl, thus tending to keep the upper end of slot 21! against shaft 212 and alsotending to pivot the pawl counterclockwise about shaft 21! so it will remain in contact with a rod 215. This rod 215 during the adding operation holds the pawls 268 in the position shown in Fig. l, with the long finger'269 missing the short teeth on wheel 25! but engaging the long tooth 261 above the pitch line, and with the long tooth 261 just missing the short finger 218 during rotation of wheel 25! A small flipper 216 is pivotally mounted alongside the long finger 268 and is of substantially the same width but only as long as finger 210. This flipper is urged in a clockwise direction (Fig. 5) against the side 268! of the groove in pawl 268 by a small leaf spring 211, and may be rotated in a counterclockwise direction (Fig. l) but is locked against clockwise movement by abutting against the vertical side 268! of the groove in pawl 268. The horizontal alinement andcooperative relationship of the parts on wheels 25! and pawls 268 is well shown in Fig. 5. In this view the highest order wheel is tothe left. There it is seen that each of the pawls 268 is positioned between two wheels 25! with the long and short finger of the pawl cooperating with the higher order wheel, while the flipper 216 cooperates with the long tooth of the lower order wheel. Another way of constructing the end of pawl 268 is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. In the construction shown in these figures, the parts are arranged in a space equal to the width of a single thickness of parts per order. As shown the flipper 216' extends across the full width of pawl 268' and pivots in a socket 268 in the pawl. A small leaf spring 211' is fixed in the pawl and bears against the top of the flipper. The manner in which pawl 268 or pawl 268' cooperates with the wheel 25! will now be described.

During regular adding operations the totalizer wheel 25! is rotated in a. counterclockwise direction and in passing from the nine to the zero position the long tooth 261 passes from above to below the long finger 269, thus camming the finger and rocking the pawl 268 in a clockwise direction. In contact with the upper part of pawl 268 is a latch plate 218 pivotally mounted on the shaft 246 and oifset at 280 so that a projection 28! on the plate is in cooperation with a notch 282 in the higher order pawl 268. When a pawl 268 is rocked by a wheel going from nine to zero, it will rock a related latch 218 so that a projection 28! will be inserted into the notch 282 in the next higher order pawl, thus prevent ing the pawl 268 from being raised on shaft 212. A detent 283 loosely pivoted on shaft 241 cooperating with notches 284 in plate 218 and held in place by a spring 285, serves to hold the plate 218 in actuated position.

The movement of the totalizer 'wheels out of mesh with the actuators is used to operate the transfer mechanism in the accumulator. The extent of this movement out of mesh is such that when a pawl 268 is held stationary it will rotate a related totalizer wheel one step. Just prior to the movement of the totalizer wheels out of mesh, the rod 215 is rocked counterclockwise a small extent all'owingthe pawl 288 to move so that the long finger 288 will engage not only the long tooth 281 on the totalizer wheel, but any one of the teeth on the wheel, see Fig. '1. In this position of the pawls it will also be noted that if a wheel stands at nine, Fig. 8, the long tooth 281 will lie between the short and long fingers of one pawl and above the flipper 218 on the higher order pawl. If the next wheel or plurality oi'wheels also stand at nine they will all be coupled in a similar manner by the fingers and flippers onthe pawls. When '50 coupled, if the pawl of the'wheel'standing at nine is held latched down by plate 218, then this wheel is rotated by the fixed pawl when the totalizer goes out of mesh with the actuators, and when the wheel is rotated, the long tooth 281 thereon will remain almost stationary between the two fingers on the pawl and in this position will overlie the flipper on the next higher order pawl, preventing that pawl from being raised and causing the long finger on the pawl to rotate the higher order wheel one step.

The same type of operation obtains for a plurality of wheels if a transfer is put in a lower order wheel standing at nine with a plurality of higher order wheels also standing at nine. Each wheel, in turn, will lock down the higher order pawl and cause a transfer to be entered in all the wheels at nine and the next higher wheel. Thus, it is apparent'that a simultaneous transfer is obtained across a totalizer in which the transfer elements of the various orders are confined in a space perorder equal to one thickness of the parts comprising the transfer devices.

A wheel is given a transfer movement, however, only if its related pawl is locked down by latch-plate 218 or is coupled to a locked pawl. If the related pawl of a wheel is unlocked and not coupled it will be lifted up by a tooth on the wheel in contact with a finger on the pawl as the wheel is moved to disengaged position without being rotated. The slot 2'" in the pawl allows it to be lifted, the resistance of spring 213 not being enough to rotate the wheel which at this time is held by a detent 286. These detents, one for each wheel, are pivotally mounted on shaft 281 and have a tapered end 288 which allows positive transferring movement of the wheel 25| but prevents movement due to resistance of spring 213 to the lifting of pawl 268. The detent has another arm 289 upon which bears a leaf spring 290. Also cooperating with arms 289 of detents 286 is a rod 29l mounted between a pair of bell cranks 292 that also carry rod 215. These bell cranks 292 are secured to shaft 212 and form a bail. rocking in the bearings for this shaft provided in the side frames 243. The different positions of this bail are shown (Fig. l) by the phantom circles about rod 29L The ball 292 moves the same way on adding and total taking operation of the machine. The movements of the bail early in each cycle are timed to coincide with the meshing of the. totalizer wheels and the forward total taking movement of the actuators I81, and later in each cycle, the ball is moved in accordance with the return adding movement of the actuators and the corresponding meshing of the wheels. The selection of an adding or total taking operation is controlled by the time of meshing of the totalizers under control of the cam slide 26L The bail is shown in the position assumed while the totalizer wheel is rotated counterclockwise during the adding portion of a cycle and while the wheel is rotated clockwise during the total taking part of a cycle, with the pawl 288 in position to be cammed or to act as a total stop, as will be described further on, and the detents 288 held out of the path of movement of the short teeth on the totalizer wheels.

At the beginning of the operation of the machine the bail is rocked clockwise so as to fully disengage the pawls 268 from the totalizer wheels allowing them to move freely into mesh if a total is to be taken. The actuator I81 moves first to the left and then to the right (Fig. 1) during an operation of the machine, so that if a total is to be taken the totalizer wheels are meshed before the first movement of the actuator. The movements of the ball are timed to suit either adding or total taking operation. After the totalizer is in mesh, the bail again assumes the position shown in Fig. 1 wherein pawls 288 may act as total stops. The pawls 268 are locked from being raised as a total is being taken because of the previous clockwise movement of the bail, when the pawls 288 were fully disengaged. all the plates 2| 8 were rocked so projection 28i engaged notch 282 in the pawls. The wheel is rotated in a clockwise direction during total taking until the fiat face of the long tooth 261 abuts against the finger 269 of the pawl which acts as a total zero stop. the wheel hav-- ing rotated an extent equivalent to the amount,

previously standing thereon. Then as the actuators come to the end of the movement to the left, the bail 292 is rocked clockwise so that the pawls will be free of the teeth on the wheels as they go out of mesh after total taking. At this time no transfers are to be entered into the wheels, for either they have remained out of mesh with the actuators during the early part of an adding cycle or have been rotated in taking a total. If an adding operation is selected, the totalizers are meshed with the actuators before they move to the rightand while they are stationary at this point in the operating cycle, after which the bail'is rocked counterclockwise to such an extent that rod 29i will cam extensions 293 on plates 218- so as to withdraw the projections 28! from notches 282 and restore the plates to normal position.

Before the actuators move to the right (Fig. 1) and rotate the totalizer wheels counterclockwise for adding, the bail is again rocked into the position shown in Fig. 1 wherein the pawls 268 are in position to be tripped by teeth 281. Just before the disengagement of the totalizer from the actuators, for transferring at the end of the adding operation, the bail is rocked slightly 'counterclockwise to allow the pawls 288 to engage any of the teeth on the totalizer wheels and permit detents 285 to engage the wheels so that if any of the pawis are latched, the related wheels will be rotated for transferring while the other wheels are held by the detents. The means for rocking the bail 292 will now be described.

Attached to the end of shaft 212 (Figs. 1 and 2) is an arm 294 to which is pivotally connected a link 295. This link is connected in the same way with the arms 294 of all the other totalizers (see Fig. 6). In Fig. 6 it is also noted that the link 295 has a connection to the end of an arm 296 that is inside frame 50 and is mounted on a shaft 291 which connects it with another arm 298 on the outside of frame 50. A link 299 com nects arm 298 with one end of a bell crank 300 pivoted on the side frame and having a roller on lts other end cooperating with a box cam groove 30! in. the gear 65. It is apparent that the rocking of; bell crank 300, by the proper convolutions of the cam, will be transmitted through link 299, arms 298 and 296, link 295, and arms 2% to the bails 292 to give them the motions mentioned hereinbefore. The gear 65 is driven by connections from motor 55 comprising transmission 51, gear 6!], gears 62 and 64 (Figs. 6).

The actuating racks I87 are moved first to the right (Fig. 1) and then to the left under control of the perforated card sensing devices and totaltaking devices partially shown in Fig. 6. This mechanism is fully described in application Serial No. 425,966 mentioned hereinbefore. The racks could be moved differentially under control of any form of keyboard or record sensing device. It will suflice to state here that a difierential movement of one to nine steps to the right (Fig. 1) or afree total-taking movement to the left, may be imparted to the racks. with restoring devices returning them to the home position after each operating cycle.

While I have shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention and ways to apply the same, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the device illustrated and in its operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. -I intend to be limited therefore only as indicated bythe scope of the following claims:

1. In a totalizer, totalizer wheels each having an extending tooth, transferring devices cooperating with said wheels, and means for coupling said devices for a transferring operation by inserting said tooth between them.

2. In a totalizer, totalizer wheels each having an extending tooth, means controlled. by said tooth in going from nine to zero for transferring from one wheel to the next, and coupled by said tooth when the related wheel stands at nine for simultaneous transfers across the totalizer.

3. In mechanism of the class described, a totalizer comprising a series of wheels of successive orders, transfer pawls adapted to be coupled together by a large tooth on a wheel standing at nine and to be tripped by said tooth on a wheel going from nine to zero, a latch for engaging a higher order pawl when a lower order pawl is tripped, and means for transferring by turnme wheels associated with latched pawls or pawls coupled to latched pawls.

4. In a transfer mechanism, totalizer pinions, devices for transferring from'lower to higher orders including means for simultaneously transferring to a plurality of said pinions comprising a gear tooth on each of said pinions for tripping said devices and coupling them when the pinion stands at nine.

5. In a transfer mechanism, totalizer pinions,

' pawls for the pinions adapted to cooperate with them in transferring, and a large tooth on each of said pinions for coupling said pawls together so that said pawls simultaneously actuate a plurality of said pinions.

6. In a transfer mechanism, totalizer wheels,-

pawls which said wheels may normally move during transferring time without transfers occurring, latches for the pawls, and a projection on each of said wheels whichPactuates a latch so that it in turn positivelybbstructs the movement of a pawl so that said pawl turns a related wheel.

7. In a transfer mechanism, totalizer wheels,

aosaasi pawls which said wheels may normally move during transferring time without transfers occurring, latches for the pawls, and a projection on each of said wheels for tripping a pawl which in turn operates a latch to obstruct positively the movement of ahigher order pawl, preparing said higher order pawl to turn its related wheel for a transfer.

8. In a transfer mechanism, a totalizer wheel, an actuator therefor, a pawl normally moved by said wheel when moving out of engagement with said actuator, a latch for the pawl, a lower order totalizer wheel having means which, as it passes from nine to zero, operates said latch to obstruct said pawl conditioning it to transfer a unit into the first mentioned wheel as it moves out of engagement with said actuator.

9. In an accumulator of the class described, a plurality of totalizer wheels, a transfer pawl for each of said wheels, latches for said pawls controlled by said wheels, a positioning device for said pawls, coupling means on said pawls cooperating with said wheels which are adapted to couple a higher order pawl to a lower order pawl for transfers, the arrangement being such that upon the passage of a lower order wheel to zero a-latch will lock the pawl cooperating withthe nexthigher order wheel and if the higher order wheel is standing in the nine position the next still higher order pawl will be coupled to the locked pawl for transferring.

10. In a device of the class described, totalizer pinions each having one tooth longer than the other teeth, means adapted to operate the totalizer pinions simultaneously in accumulation, transfer elements for each pinion comprising means whereby the long tooth of a pinion, when said pinion stands in a certain position, couples two sets of transfer elements together for transferring, each order of transfer elements being arranged so that the parts thereof cooperate with two pinions and require only a space in width of the thickness of one part plus clearance.

11. In a transfer mechanism, an actuating rack, a pinion having nine teeth out off substantially at the pitch circle and one full tooth, a rotatable and slidable pawl adapted to be rocked and slid by said pinion and having a large anda small extension of substantially the same size respectively as the large and small teeth on the pinion, a latch for the pawl operated by a lower order pawl to obstruct the sliding movement of the first mentioned pawl, means for positioning the pawl so that during the actuation of the pinion only the large tooth and large extension are engageable and when the pinion moves from nine to zero position the pawl will be rocked and in turn will operate the latch, after actuation of said pinion said means then positions the pawl so that its large'extension will engage the full depth of any tooth and if the pinion stands at nine position its large team will protrude between the extensions of adjacent pawls and couple a. higher order pawl to a lower order pawl, upon movement of the pinion out of mesh with the rack, the pawl, if latched or coupled to a latched pawl, will rotate the pinion one tooth space.

12. In a transfer mechanism, a pinion, an actuating rack for said pinion, means for moving the pinion in and out of mesh with said rack, a transfer pawl cooperating with said pinion, a latch for said pawl, a detent for retaining said pinion when it is out of mesh with "said rack, and a means common to said pawl, latch and detent for resetting them.

13. In a totalizing mechanism, a pinion, an actuating rack for said pinion, means for moving the pinion in and out of mesh with said rack, a transfer pawl for rotating said pinion one tooth space as it goes out of mesh, a latch for holding said pawl in transferring position, and means for positioning and resetting said pawl and said latch; in one position of the last mentioned means the latch is adapted to be actuated by a lower order pinion if it makes a complete rotation, in another position of the means the pawl is brought into transferring position and in a third position of said means the latch is restored.

14. In a totalizer, a plurality of totalizer wheels, a plurality of transfer pawls each having an extension, a flipper on each of said pawls, and a projection under control of one of said wheels which is inserted between the extension of one pawl and the flipper of the next pawl for coupling said pawls for simultaneous transfers.

15. In a totalizer, a plurality of totalizer wheels, a plurality of transfer pawls each having an extension, a flipper pivoted on each of said pawls which may be moved in one direction but is fixed from movement in another direction, and meansunder control of said wheels when standing at nine position for coupling an extension of one pawl with a flipper of an adjacent pawl so that a plurality of said wheels are rotated by said pawls during transferring.

16. In a totalizing device, totalizer wheels, means adapted to operate the totalizer wheels simultaneously in accumulation, transfer mechanisms one for each wheel and adapted to enter units into higher order wheels under control of lower order wheels, means under control of each totalizer wheel for coupling said mechanisms for simultaneous transfers in a plurality of orders, and means for arranging the elements comprising the transfer mechanism and coupling means of each order in one layer of a single thickness so that the total width of the mechanisms and coupling means is equal to the number of orders provided, times the thickness of a single element plus clearance between the elements.

17. In a totalizer, a series of totalizer wheels each representing a denominational order of the totalizer, transfer elements arranged in a single layer of parts for each order and adapted to cooperate with said wheels to turn the same for simultaneously transferring units from lower to higher order wheels, and a transfer operating element in each order reaching from one order to the next to be operated when the related wheel passes from nine to zero.

18. In a totalizer, a pair of totalizer wheels in adjacent denominational orders, a transfer latch plate cooperating with the two orders and operated by the lower order wheel when transferring is required, and other transfer mechanism including transfer pawls arranged in one layer of parts per order and cooperating with said plate and said wheels for transferring units from a lower order to a higher order.

19. In a totalizer, a series of wheels of successive orders, transfer elements cooperating with the wheels and operated thereby for transferring, an offset projection on one of said elements in each order cooperating with the elements in an adjacent order for transferring units thereto, said transfer elements of each order being arranged in one layer of parts of a single thickness throughout with an opening between the parts for the projection of an adjacent order and. with the projection of each order adapted to reach into a corresponding opening in the parts of the next order.

20. In a totalizer a pair of denominational order accumulator wheels. two sets of transfer elements, each set cooperating with a related wheel to be actuated thereby when a transfer is to be made, another transfer element common to both sets of elements for carrying a unit from one order to the next, said two sets of elements being arranged in two adjacent layers of parts each of a single thickness of elements with openings between the parts in which said common transfer element operates to form a conectlon between the two sets within the two layers of parts.

21. In a totalizer, a series of wheels of successive denominational orders, transfer elements cooperating with the wheels for transferring units from lower to higher order wheels simultaneously, an offset projection on one of said elements in each order adapted to cooperate with the elements of an adjacent order for transferring units thereto, said transfer elements of each order being arranged in a single layer of parts of the thickness of one element with one of said elements cut out to receive an offset projection of the lower order and with the projection of each order adapted to cooperate with a similar cut out in the next higher order, and a bail common to all orders for restoring the elements which are operated in. transferring. I

- JOHN W. ARMBRUSTER. 

